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A ciência por trás do Lumi

O Lumi se apoia em duas das descobertas mais sólidas da pesquisa sobre a memória. Testar a si mesmo constrói mais memória do que reler, e revisar um fato bem antes de esquecê-lo faz com que ele dure mais.

O que a ciência mede.

Os métodos de Lumi são os mais bem avaliados pela pesquisa, com números e fontes que comprovam.

Estudo

Reler parece saber. Testar a si mesmo fixa.

61%

das ideias de um texto lembradas uma semana depois por estudantes que leram uma vez e depois se testaram três vezes

40%

para estudantes que releram o mesmo texto quatro vezes

52% vs 14%

esquecidos em uma semana, reler versus se testar

A armadilha, quem relê se sentiu mais confiante. Esqueceu 52% em uma semana, contra 14% de quem se testou.

Seu cérebro esquece rápido, depois mais devagar

Economia ao reaprender, em porcentagem do tempo de aprendizado original

020406020 min1 h9 h1 dia2 dias6 dias31 dias
Economia de EbbinghausEconomia de Dros
Ebbinghaus, 1885, e Murre e Dros, PLOS ONE, 2015.

Os guias, um tema por página

Todos os estudos citados

Cada referência foi verificada antes da publicação. Os links levam ao artigo ou ao seu DOI.

  1. Bjork, Dunlosky, Kornell (2013). Self-regulated learning. Beliefs, techniques, and illusions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64. doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143823
  2. Cepeda, Pashler, Vul, Wixted, Rohrer (2006). Distributed practice in verbal recall tasks. A review and quantitative synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 132(3). doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.3.354
  3. Cepeda, Vul, Rohrer, Wixted, Pashler (2008). Spacing effects in learning. A temporal ridgeline of optimal retention. Psychological Science, 19(11). doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02209.x
  4. Chase, Chin, Oppezzo, Schwartz (2009). Teachable agents and the protégé effect. Increasing the effort towards learning. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 18(4). doi.org/10.1007/s10956-009-9180-4
  5. Dunlosky, Rawson, Marsh, Nathan, Willingham (2013). Improving students' learning with effective learning techniques. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 14(1). doi.org/10.1177/1529100612453266
  6. Ebbinghaus (1885). Über das Gedächtnis (Memory. A contribution to experimental psychology). Duncker und Humblot, Leipzig. psychclassics.yorku.ca/Ebbinghaus/index.htm
  7. Fiorella, Mayer (2013). The relative benefits of learning by teaching and teaching expectancy. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 38(4). doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2013.06.001
  8. Jenkins, Dallenbach (1924). Obliviscence during sleep and waking. The American Journal of Psychology, 35(4). doi.org/10.2307/1414040
  9. Kang (2016). Spaced repetition promotes efficient and effective learning. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3(1). doi.org/10.1177/2372732215624708
  10. Karpicke, Blunt (2011). Retrieval practice produces more learning than elaborative studying with concept mapping. Science, 331(6018). doi.org/10.1126/science.1199327
  11. Karpicke, Butler, Roediger (2009). Metacognitive strategies in student learning. Do students practise retrieval when they study on their own?. Memory, 17(4). doi.org/10.1080/09658210802647009
  12. Karpicke, Roediger (2008). The critical importance of retrieval for learning. Science, 319(5865). doi.org/10.1126/science.1152408
  13. Koh, Lee, Lim (2018). The learning benefits of teaching. A retrieval practice hypothesis. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 32(3). doi.org/10.1002/acp.3410
  14. Kornell (2009). Optimising learning using flashcards. Spacing is more effective than cramming. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 23(9). doi.org/10.1002/acp.1537
  15. Murre, Dros (2015). Replication and analysis of Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve. PLOS ONE, 10(7), e0120644. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0120644
  16. Nestojko, Bui, Kornell, Bjork (2014). Expecting to teach enhances learning and organization of knowledge in free recall of text passages. Memory and Cognition, 42(7). doi.org/10.3758/s13421-014-0416-z
  17. Rasch, Born (2013). About sleep's role in memory. Physiological Reviews, 93(2). doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00032.2012
  18. Rawson, Dunlosky (2011). Optimizing schedules of retrieval practice for durable and efficient learning. How much is enough?. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 140(3). doi.org/10.1037/a0023956
  19. Roediger, Karpicke (2006). Test-enhanced learning. Taking memory tests improves long-term retention. Psychological Science, 17(3). doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x
  20. Rohrer, Taylor (2007). The shuffling of mathematics problems improves learning. Instructional Science, 35(6). doi.org/10.1007/s11251-007-9015-8
  21. Rowland (2014). The effect of testing versus restudy on retention. A meta-analytic review of the testing effect. Psychological Bulletin, 140(6). doi.org/10.1037/a0037559
  22. Slamecka, Graf (1978). The generation effect. Delineation of a phenomenon. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Learning and Memory, 4(6). doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.4.6.592

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